Black is the color of objects that do not emit or reflect light in any part of the visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of light. Although black is sometimes described as an "achromatic", or hueless, color, in practice it can be considered a color, as in expressions like "black cat" or "black paint".

Etymology

The word ''black'' comes from Old English ''blæc'' ("black, dark", ''also'', "ink"), from Proto-Germanic *''blakkaz'' ("burned"), from Proto-Indo-European *''bhleg-'' ("to burn, gleam, shine, flash"), from base *''bhel-'' ("to shine"), related to Old Saxon ''blak'' ("ink"), Old High German ''blah'' ("black"), Old Norse ''blakkr'' ("dark"), Dutch ''blaken'' ("to burn"), and Swedish ''bläck'' ("ink"). More distant cognates include Latin ''flagrare'' ("to blaze, glow, burn"), and Ancient Greek ''phlegein'' ("to burn, scorch"). ''Black'' supplanted the wonted Old English word ''sweart'' ("black, dark"), which survives as swart, swarth, and swarthy (compare German ''schwarz'' and Dutch ''zwart'', "black").

Color or light in science

Black can be defined as the visual impression experienced when no visible light reaches the eye. (This makes a contrast with whiteness, the impression of any combination of colors of light that equally stimulates all three types of color-sensitive visual receptors.)

Pigments or dyes that absorb light rather than reflect it back to the eye "look black". A black pigment can, however, result from a ''combination'' of several pigments that collectively absorb all colors. If appropriate proportions of three primary pigments are mixed, the result reflects so little light as to be called "black".

This provides two superficially opposite but actually complementary descriptions of black. Black is the lack of all colors of light, or an exhaustive combination of multiple colors of pigment. See also Primary colors

{| style="border:solid 1px black;" align=right |+ † various CMYK combinations !c!!m!!y!!k |- |align=right|0%||align=right|0%||align=right|0%||align=right|100%||align=center| (canonical) |- |align=right|100%||align=right|100%||align=right|100%||align=right|0%||align=center| (ideal inks, theoretical only) |- |align=right|100%||align=right|100%||align=right|100%||align=right|100%||align=center| (registration black) |}

In physics, a black body is a perfect absorber of light, but, by a thermodynamic rule, it is also the best emitter. Thus, the best radiative cooling, out of sunlight, is by using black paint, though it is important that it be black (a nearly perfect absorber) in the infrared as well.

In elementary science, far Ultraviolet light is called "black light" because, unseen, it causes many minerals and other substances to fluoresce.

On January 16, 2008, researchers from Troy, New York’s Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute announced the creation of the darkest material on the planet. The material, which reflects only .045 percent of light, was created from carbon nanotubes stood on end. This is 1/30 of the light reflected by the current standard for blackness, and one third the light reflected by the previous record holder for darkest substance.

Absorption of light

A material is said to be black if most incoming light is absorbed equally in the material. Light (electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum) interacts with the atoms and molecules, which causes the energy of the light to be converted in to other forms of energy, usually heat. This means that black surfaces can act as thermal collectors, absorbing light and generating heat(see Solar thermal collector).

Absorption of light is contrasted by transmission, reflection and diffusion, where the light is only redirected, causing objects to appear transparent, reflective or white respectively.

Usage, symbolism, colloquial expressions

Authority and seriousness

Black can be seen as the color of authority and seriousness.

Black Watch is the senior Highland Regiment of the British Army.

In Japanese culture, ''kuro'' (black) is a symbol of nobility, age, and experience, as opposed to ''shiro'' (white), which symbolizes serfdom, youth, and naiveté. Thus the black belt is a mark of achievement and seniority in many martial arts, whereas in, for example, Shotokan karate, a white belt is a rank-less belt that comes before all other belts. These ranks are called ''dan''.

Black was the color of the Arab dynasty of Abbasid caliphs, which is the reason black is frequently used in flags of Arab countries.

The riot control units of the Basque Autonomous Police in Spain are known as ''beltzak'' ("blacks") after their uniform.

Traditionally, British police vehicles (''panda cars'') were in black and white.

Clothing

Academic dress includes black robes for graduates.

Black tuxedos are worn at formal occasions known as black tie functions.

Black is worn by religious figures within Christianity, e.g. priests (especially of the older religious denominations), monks and nuns.

Black is worn by Hassidic Jews.

Black is worn by some Muslim women; see List of types of sartorial hijab for photographs of examples such as the ''abaya''.

Lawyers and judges often wear black robes.

Many performers of European classical music or other serious art music dress in black for a concert or recital.

Members of the modern goth and some punk subcultures dress predominantly in black (see also goth fashion).

Demography

The term "black" is often used in the West to denote the ethnicity of people whose actual skin color ranges from light to darker shades of brown such as sepia. For a discussion of usage, see the main entry at Black people and color terminology for race.

Music

"All Black" is a song by Good Charlotte that depicts the love for the color black.

"Black & White", a song by In Flames from their album ''Reroute To Remain Fourteen Songs of Conscious Insanity''.

"Paint It Black" is a 1966 hit song by The Rolling Stones.

"Black Dog" is a song by Led Zeppelin.

Metallica's self titled album is known as "The Black Album.," and "Fade to Black" is a song off their 1984 album, Ride the Lightning.

''The Black Album'' from rapper Jay-Z

''The Black Album'' by Victor Tsoy.

Amy Winehouse's Grammy Award winning song and album ''Back to Black''.

Black metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music. including bands such as Darkthrone and Mayhem.

Johnny Cash was commonly referred to as "The Man in Black" due to his preference for black clothing. His song "Man in Black" presents it as a show of solidarity with the outcasts of society.

The folk song "Black Is the Color (of My True Love's Hair)".

The band AC/DC sang "Back in Black", a song about being successful and ambitious once again.

Black Flag was an American punk rock band formed in 1977 in Hermosa Beach, California that broke up in 1986.

"Red on Black", a song by Alisa.

"Black or White", the first single off of Michael Jackson's ''Dangerous'' album.

''Black is Black'', a 1966 hit single by Spanish band Los Bravos.

Philosophy

In arguments, things can be black-and-white, meaning that the issue at hand is dichotomized (having two clear, opposing sides with no middle ground).

In ancient China, black was the symbol of ''North'' and ''Water'', one of the main five colors.

Politics

The List of black flags, although not exclusively political, gives many political meanings.

The Lützow Free Corps, composed of volunteer German students and academics fighting against Napoleon in 1813, could not afford to make special uniforms and therefore adopted black, as the only color that could be used to dye their civilian clothing without the original color showing. As these volunteers were greatly praised and glorified by later revolutionaries, their choice of the black color might have influenced its later connotations.

Black is used for anarchist symbolism, sometimes split in diagonal with other colors to show alignment with another political philosophy. The plain black flag is explained in various ways, sometimes as an anti-flag or a non-flag. Wearing black clothing is also sometimes an anarchist tactic during demonstrations, with a practical benefit of not attracting attention and making later identification of a subject difficult. This strategy is referred to as a black bloc.

In Portuguese politics, black (and red) is the party color of the Left Bloc.

The blackshirts were Italian Fascist militias.

In Nazi Germany, the ''blackshirts'' was a nickname for the SS, as opposed to the ''brownshirts'', the SA.

The black triangle was used by the Nazis to designate "asocial" people (homeless and Roma, for example); later the symbol was adopted by lesbian culture.

Science

Black sky refers to the appearance of space as one emerges from the Earth's atmosphere.

A black dwarf is the designation used in astronomy for a star that has burned out.

The term "black hole" is applied to collapsed stars.

Black body radiation refers to the radiation coming from a body at a given temperature where all incoming energy (light) is converted to heat.

Sexuality

In the bandana code of the gay leather subculture, wearing a black bandana means that one is into the Sexual fetish of Sadomasochism, sadists wearing the bandana in the left rear pocket, masochists on the right.

Sport

The national rugby union team of New Zealand is called the ''All Blacks'', in reference to their black outfits, and the color is also shared by other New Zealand national teams such as the Black Caps (cricket) and the Kiwis (rugby league).

Association football (soccer) referees traditionally wear all-black uniforms, however nowadays other uniform colors may also be worn.

A large number of teams have uniforms designed with black colors—many feeling the color sometimes imparts a psychological advantage in its wearers. Among the more famous (or infamous) include Oakland Raiders and Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL, the San Antonio Spurs and Miami Heat of the NBA, and Inter Milan of the Serie A of the Italian soccer leagues.

In auto racing, a black flag signals a driver to go into the pits.

In baseball, "the black" refers to the batter's eye, a blacked out area around the center-field bleachers, painted black to give hitters a decent background for pitched balls.

Ambiguity and secrecy

A ''black box'' is any device whose internal workings are unknown or inexplicable. In theatre, the black box is a smaller, undecorated theater whose auditorium and stage relationship can be configured in various way.

A ''black project'' is a secretive project, like Enigma Decryption, other classified military programs or operations, Narcotics, or police sting operations.

Some organizations are called "black" when they keep a low profile, like Sociétés Anonymes and secret societies.

A polished black mirror is used for scrying, and is thought to help see into the paranormal world without interference or distraction.

Black frequently symbolizes ambiguity, secrecy, and the unknown.

Beliefs, religions and superstitions

Black is a symbol of mourning and bereavement in Western societies, especially at funerals and memorial services. In some traditional societies, within for example Greece and Italy, widows wear black for the rest of their lives. In contrast, across much of Africa and parts of Asia, white is a color of mourning and is worn during funerals.

In English heraldry, black means darkness, doubt, ignorance, and uncertainty.

The Black Sun is an occult symbol that is said to be related to Nazism and occultism.

In the Maasai tribes of Kenya and Tanzania, the color black is associated with rain clouds, a symbol of life and prosperity.

Native Americans associated black with the life-giving soil.

The Hindu deity Krishna means "the black one".

The medieval Christian sect known as the Cathars viewed black as a color of perfection.

The Rastafari movement sees black as beautiful.

In the Japanese culture, Black is associated with honor, not death with the white color being associated with death.

Black-dog bias is a veterinarian and animal shelter phenomenon in which black dogs are passed over for adoption in favor of lighter colored animals.

Black cats may be thought of as either good luck or bad.

Economy

To say one's accounts are "in the black" is used to mean that one is or "no longer in the red", or free of debt .

* Being "in the red" is to be in debt—in traditional bookkeeping, negative amounts, such as costs, were printed in red ink, and positive amounts, like revenues, were printed in black ink, so that if the "bottom line" is printed in black, the firm is profiting.

Fashion

In Western fashion, black is considered stylish, sexy, elegant and powerful.

The colloquialism "X is the new black" is a reference to the latest trend or fad that is considered a wardrobe basic for the duration of the trend, on the basis that black is always fashionable. The phrase has taken on a life of its own as a snowclone, and has been stretched and parodied as a rhetorical device and a cliché.

Symbolic dualism with white

Black magic is a destructive or evil form of magic, often connected with death, as opposed to white magic. This was already apparent during Ancient Egypt when the Cush Tribe invaded Egyptian plantations along the Nile River.

Evil witches are stereotypically dressed in black and good fairies in white.

In computer security, a blackhat is an attacker with evil intentions, while a whitehat bears no such ill will. (This is derived from the Western movie convention.)

In many Hollywood Westerns, bad cowboys wear black hats while the good ones wear white.

Melodrama villains are dressed in black and heroines in white dresses.

Historical events

A "black day" (or week or month) usually refers to a sad or tragic time. The Romans marked ''fasti'' days with white stones and ''nefasti'' days with black.

* E.g., the Wall Street Crash 1929, the stock market crash on October 29, 1929, which is the start of the Great Depression, is nicknamed Black Tuesday, and was preceded by Black Thursday, a downturn on October 24 the previous week.

* Black Monday, stock market crash on October 19, 1987.

* Black Wednesday caused Britain to pull out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.

* Black Friday, various tragic events.

Black months include:

* the Black September in Jordan, in which thousands of people were killed.

* Black July killing of the Tamil population by the Sinhalese government in Sri Lanka.

* Black Spring 2001 (''Printemps noir''), in the Berber region of Kabylia (Algeria), when the police shot and killed more than 100 people.

The Black Death, also known as the Black Plague, was a pandemic in Europe that killed tens of millions of people.

The Black Hole of Calcutta was the overcrowding of an impromptu prison cell in which many died.

Expressions

A black-hearted person is mean and unloving.

A blacklist is a list of undesirable persons or entities (to be placed on the list is to be "blacklisted").

Black comedy is a form of comedy dealing with morbid and serious topics.

A black mark against a person relates to something bad they have done.

A black mood is a bad one (cf Winston Churchill's clinical depression, which he called "my black dog").

Black market is used to denote the trade of illegal goods, or alternatively the illegal trade of otherwise legal items at considerably higher prices, e.g. to evade rationing.

Black propaganda is the use of known falsehoods, partial truths, or masquerades in propaganda to confuse an opponent.

Blackmail is the act of threatening to reveal information about a person unless the threatened party fulfills certain demands. This information is usually of an embarrassing or socially damaging nature. Ordinarily, such a threat is illegal.

If the black eight-ball, in billiards, is sunk before all others are out of play, the player loses.

The black sheep of the family is the ne'er-do-well.

To blackball someone is to block their entry into a club or some such institution. In the traditional English gentlemen's club, members vote on the admission of a candidate by secretly placing a white or black ball in a hat. If upon the completion of voting, there was even one black ball amongst the white, the candidate would be denied membership, and he would never know who had "blackballed" him.

Black tea in the Western culture is known as "crimson tea" in Chinese and culturally influenced languages, (紅 茶, Mandarin Chinese ''hóngchá''; Japanese ''kōcha''; Korean ''hongcha''), perhaps a more accurate description of the color of the liquid.

"The black" is a wildfire suppression term referring to a burned area on a wildfire capable of acting as a safety zone.

Black coffee refers to coffee without sugar or cream.

Pigments

Black pigments include carbon black, charcoal black, ebony, ivory black and onyx.

See also

List of colors

Rich black, which is different from using black ink alone, in printing.

References

External links

|5.9 mega}}

All About Black

Category:Color Category:Nothing Category:Spoken articles Category:Darkness

ar:أسود (لون) arc:ܐܘܟܡܐ gn:Hũ ay:Ch'iyara az:Qara bn:কালো bjn:Hirang zh-min-nan:O͘-sek be:Чорны колер bar:Schwarz bo:ནག་པོ། bs:Crna ca:Negre ceb:Itom cs:Černá ch:Áttilong cy:Du da:Sort pdc:Schwatz de:Schwarz et:Must el:Μαύρο eml:Negher es:Negro (color) eo:Nigro eu:Beltz fa:سیاه fr:Noir fur:Neri ga:Dubh gl:Negro (cor) gan:烏 gu:કાળો xal:Хар өңг ko:검정 hi:काला hr:Crna id:Hitam is:Svartur it:Nero he:שחור jv:Ireng kn:ಕಪ್ಪು kk:Қара түс ht:Nwa (koulè) ku:Reş lad:Preto (kolor) lbe:ЛухӀисса la:Niger (color) lv:Melnā krāsa lt:Juoda ln:Moíndo lmo:Negher hu:Fekete mk:Црна боја ml:കറുപ്പ് mt:Iswed mr:काळा ms:Hitam mwl:Negro nah:Tlīltic nl:Zwart (kleur) ne:कालो ja:黒 ce:Iаьржа no:Svart nn:Svart nrm:Nièr oc:Negre pnb:کالا pl:Barwa czarna pt:Preto ro:Negru qu:Yana ru:Чёрный цвет sa:कृष्ण वर्णः sq:Ngjyra e zezë scn:Nìuru simple:Black sk:Čierna sl:Črna so:Madaw sr:Црно su:Hideung fi:Musta sv:Svart tl:Itim ta:கருப்பு te:నలుపు th:สีดำ tg:Сиёҳ tr:Siyah bug:Lotong uk:Чорний колір vi:Đen fiu-vro:Must zh-classical:黑 war:Itom yi:שווארץ bat-smg:Jouda zh:黑色

Birth name	Byron Patrick Hurt
Birth date	December 31, 1969
Residence	Plainfield, New Jersey
Nationality
Education	Northeastern University
Home town	Islip , New York
Spouse
Website	http://www.bhurt.com/
Footnotes	}}

Byron Patrick Hurt (born December 31, 1969) is an American activist and documentary filmmaker.

Biography

Byron Hurt attended Northeastern University, where he played football as a quarterback, and founded God Bless the Child Productions before graduating with a degree in Journalism in 1993. Upon graduation he was hired by the university's Center for the Study of Sport in Society to help form the Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) program with the purpose of educating young men about gender and sexual violence. This experience led Hurt to produce and direct the documentary ''I Am A Man: Black Masculinity in America''. After noticing the repeated theme of machismo in numerous rap music videos, Hurt then set about creating ''Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes'', an exploration of the pervasive issues of masculinity, sexism, violence and homophobia in hip-hop culture. Hurt is also the former associate director of the United States Marine Corps gender violence prevention program. On September 30, 2006, Byron Hurt married Kenya Felice Crumel at their home in Plainfield, New Jersey.

Filmography

''Moving Memories: The Black Senior Video Yearbook''

''I Am A Man: Black Masculinity in America''

''Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes''

Generation M: Misogyny in Media and Culture

Notes

References

''Independent Lens - Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats & Rhymes'' - Filmmaker Statement PBS. Accessed March 7, 2008.

External links

Official website

Category:American documentary filmmakers Category:Documentary film directors Category:Documentary film producers Category:Living people Category:People from Plainfield, New Jersey Category:1969 births Category:American film producers

Professor Griff is an American rapper and spoken word artist. He is a member of the hip hop group Public Enemy and head of the Security of the First World.

Early years in Public Enemy

After returning from the army, he started a security service to work the local party circuit, calling it Unity Force. At the time, Carlton Ridenhour (a.k.a. Chuck D) was part of the Spectrum City DJ-for-hire service led by Hank Shocklee, and Spectrum and Unity Force frequently worked side-by-side at local events. When Public Enemy was formed and signed to Def Jam, Ridenhour invited Griffin to be a sideman. Unity Force was renamed "The Security of the First World", or S1W for short. The S1W's were brought along, and became a curious combination of bodyguards/dancers for the band. Their stage routines were a loose combination of martial arts, military drill and "step show" dances lifted from black college fraternities.

His role was also that of road manager and "Minister of Information", the intellectual public face of the band for interviews et cetera, as Flavor Flav was the "fun" one. He was rarely MC'ing, except between songs. Professor Griff has started to emerge on the conspiracy theory scene, typically New World Order conspiracy theory. He is known for linking these allegations to past and present celebrities.

Controversy and departure from Public Enemy

Before the release of ''It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back'', Professor Griff, in his role as Minister of Information, gave interviews to UK magazines on behalf of Public Enemy, during which he made homophobic and antisemitic remarks. However, there was little controversy until May 22, 1989, when Griffin was interviewed by the ''Washington Times''. At the time, Public Enemy enjoyed unprecedented mainstream attention with the single "Fight the Power" from the soundtrack of Spike Lee's ''Do the Right Thing''.

During the interview with David Mills, Griffin made numerous statements such as "Jews are responsible for the majority of the wickedness in the world". When the interview was published, a media firestorm emerged, and the band found themselves under intense scrutiny.

In a series of press conferences, Griffin was either fired, quit, or never left. Def Jam co-founder Rick Rubin had already left the label by then; taking his place alongside Russell Simmons was Lyor Cohen, the son of Israeli immigrants who had run Rush Artist Management since 1985. Before the dust settled, Cohen claims to have arranged for a Holocaust Museum to give the band a private tour.

In an attempt to defuse the situation, Ridenhour first expressed an apology on his behalf, and fired Griffin soon thereafter. Griffin later rejoined the group, provoking more protests, causing Ridenhour to briefly disband the group. When Public Enemy reformed, due to increasing attention from the press and pressure from Def Jam hierarchy, Griffin was no longer with the band.

Griffin later publicly expressed remorse for his statements after a meeting with the National Holocaust Awareness Student Organization in 1990.

In his 2009 book, entitled "Analytixz", Griff once again admitted the faults in his alleged 1989 statement: "to say the Jews are responsible for the majority of wickedness that went on around the globe I would have to know about the majority of wickedness that went on around the globe, which is impossible... I'm not the best knower [God] is. Then, not only knowing that, I would have to know who is at the crux of all of the problems in the world and then blame Jewish people, which is not correct." Griff also pointed out that not only were his words taken out of context, but that the recording has never been released to the public for an unbiased listen.

Afrocentrism

Although himself partly Native American, Griffin has embraced a form of Afrocentrism. "Muslim, Christian, Jew / Here's a little somethin' I thought you knew / There is only one God and God is one / The rich praises none."

After his departure from Public Enemy, Griffin formed his own group, the Last Asiatic Disciples. Griffin's albums were of an Islamic and Afrocentric style,. combined with increasingly spoken word lyrics.

He is a member of The Nation of Islam which his lyrics and record titles as a solo artist referenced. Another general theme in his lyrics is New World Order conspiracy.

Discography

Year	Album	Chart Positions
		! width="45"	! width="45"
1990		127	24
1991		—	70
1992		—	—
1998		—	—
2001		—	—

Footnotes

Category:African American Muslims Category:Converts to Islam Category:Living people Category:Members of the Nation of Gods and Earths Category:People from Nassau County, New York Category:Public Enemy members Category:Rappers from Long Island Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:American people of Native American descent

de:Professor Griff fr:Professor Griff

Carolyn Cooper is a West Indian author, professor, and literary scholar. Carolyn Cooper's academic approach is grounded in critical theory.

Born in Jamaica, Dr. Cooper currently heads the department of Literary and Cultural Studies at the University of the West Indies, Mona Jamaica. For the past 26 years she has lectured at the University of the West Indies, Department of Literature in English.

In 1968 she was awarded the Jamaica Scholarship which three years later culminated with a Bachelors of Arts Degree in English (B.A. English). In 1972 she proceeded to the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada to pursue her Masters Degree in English, which was followed by the completion of her Ph. D at the same institution.

Journals

Cooper, Carolyn J. Enslaved In Stereotypes: Race and Representation in Post-independence Jamaica

Cooper, Carolyn J. Punany Powah

Cooper, Carolyn J. 'West Indies plight': Louise Bennett and The Cultural Politics of Federation

Cooper, Carolyn J. Race and the cultural politics of self-representation: A View from the University of the West Indies

Cooper, Carolyn J. Lyrical Gun: Metaphor and Role Play in Jamaican Dancehall Culture

Cooper, Carolyn J. Ragamuffin sounds: Crossing over from reggae to rap and back

Cooper, Carolyn J. Loosely talking theory: Oral/Sexual Discourse in Jamaican Popular Culture

Awards

Association of Commonwealth Universities Academic Exchange Fellow, University of the South Pacific, Fiji, September - October, 1993

References

See also An Insight into Jamaican Music: Interview with Carolyn Cooper SX SALON (Small Axe).

Category:Jamaican non-fiction writers Category:Jamaican women writers Category:Jamaican academics Category:Literary critics Category:Cultural critics Category:Literature educators Category:University of the West Indies academics Category:University of Toronto alumni Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people

de:Carolyn Cooper

John Hamilton McWhorter V (1965– ) is an American linguist and political commentator. He is the author of a number of books on language and on race relations. His linguistic specialty is creole and the process through which it forms.

Early life

McWhorter was born and raised in Philadelphia. He attended Friends Select School in Philadelphia, and after tenth grade was accepted to Simon's Rock College, where he earned an A.A. degree. Later, he attended Rutgers University and received a B.A. in French in 1985. He received a master's degree in American Studies from New York University and a Ph.D. in linguistics in 1993 from Stanford University.

Career

After graduation McWhorter was an associate professor of linguistics at Cornell University from 1993 to 1995 before taking up a position as associate professor of linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1995 until 2003. He left that position to become a Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute, a conservative think tank, and a columnist for the ''New York Sun''. Since 2008, he has been a lecturer at Columbia University.

He has published a number of books on linguistics and on race relations and makes regular public radio and television appearances on related subjects. He has spoken many times on National Public Radio and is an occasional contributor on Bloggingheads.tv. He has appeared twice on ''Penn & Teller: Bullshit!'', once in the profanity episode in his capacity as a linguistics professor, and again in the slavery reparations episode for his political views and knowledge of race relations. He is also the author of the courses titled "Understanding Linguistics: The Science of Language" and "Story of Human Language" for The Teaching Company. His 2003 ''Authentically Black'' has been interview-reviewed on ''booknotes.org''.

Political Views

McWhorter characterizes himself as "a cranky liberal Democrat." In support of this description, he states that while he "disagree[s] sustainedly with many of the tenets of the Civil Rights orthodoxy," he also "supports Barack Obama, reviles the War on Drugs, supports gay marriage, never voted for George Bush and writes of Black English as coherent speech." McWhorter additionally maintains that the conservative Manhattan Institute, for which he has worked, "has always been hospitable to Democrats."

Bibliography

1997: ''Towards a New Model of Creole Genesis'' ISBN 0820433128

1998: ''Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of "Pure" Standard English'' ISBN 0738204463

2000: ''The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages'' ISBN 0520219996

2000: ''Spreading the Word : Language and Dialect in America'' ISBN 0325001987

2000: ''Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America''

2001: ''The Power of Babel: A Natural History of Language'' ISBN 006052085X

2003: ''Authentically Black: Essays for the Black Silent Majority''

2003: ''Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care'' ISBN 1592400167

2005: ''Defining Creole'' ISBN 0195166698

2005: ''Winning the Race: Beyond the Crisis in Black America''

2007: ''Language Interrupted: Signs of Non-Native Acquisition in Standard Language Grammars''

2008: ''All about the Beat: Why Hip-Hop Can't Save Black America'' ISBN 1592403743

2008: ''Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue: The Untold Story of English'' ISBN 1592403956

References

External links

Biography at Manhattan Institute

''New York Sun'' columns

McWhorter's blog at ''The New Republic''

Cato Institute Podcast: Race Relations and the War on Drugs

Affirmative Action at Berkeley article, debate on affirmative action

''TheRoot.com'' article about Black culture identity

Video interviews and discussions with McWhorter on bloggingheads.tv

Latimes review of ''All about the Beat''

Category:1965 births Category:African American academics Category:African American social scientists Category:American social sciences writers Category:American linguists Category:Cornell University faculty Category:Living people Category:New York University alumni Category:Rutgers University alumni Category:Stanford University alumni

he:ג'ון מקוורטר la:Ioannes McWhorter ru:Макуортер, Джон